The Conclusions Drawn By The National Reading Panels Study On Effective Reading :: essays papers

The Conclusions Drawn By The National Reading Panel's Study On Effective Reading Ever since the signing of the Declaration of Independence the United Sates has strived for the betterment of its society on a whole. This effort can be seen through not only the push for higher education, but also in the standards set in the curriculum for all students. Even though there is such a push for educating the students in America, it becomes surprising that certain simple aspects of education can be almost shaded by or lost under the bigger picture. One such aspect is trying to maintain reading levels, and keeping them up to speed with the corresponding grade levels. With reading levels seemingly on a steady descending scale, it has become necessary for certain actions to take place in hopes of finding ways to bring the levels back up to par. One course of action is conducting research on the manner resulting in the suggestions of possible solutions to the reading problem. Of multiple studies conducted on the matter, one that stands out to be both direct and promising is th e study conducted by the National Reading Panel. â€Å"The main goal of more formal educational research is to test theory and to advance scientific knowledge† (Samuels & Farstrup, 1992, p 5). As a result of the noticeable failing reading levels, Congress took it into their own hands to help solve the matter. â€Å"Congress directed the creation of the National Reading Panel to reevaluate educational research and give teachers and schools a roadmap to address this problem† (National Reading Panel, 2000 (NRP)). The panel was appointed in 1997, and used numerous studies and research that, once analyzed, was focused into certain areas that need to be incorporated in reading instruction. The areas that were highlighted in the resulting study were phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, and comprehension (Manzo, 2000, p 1). These areas can be examined more closely in order to gain insight and information into their beneficial effects on effective reading instruction. Phonemic awareness is first on the study’s list of things that need to be taught in order for students to become better readers. This aspect of the report is based on the idea that students need the ability to manipulate the sounds that make up the spoken language. â€Å"If the children cannot perceive these sound segments they will encounter difficulty when trying to sound words out in both reading and writing† (Samuels & Farstrup, 1992, p 108).

Speech-Language Pathologists

School Speech-Language Pathologists Hayley K. Mason Ball State University School Speech-Language Psychologists Speech-language pathologists began their impact in schools in 1910 in the Chicago public school systems. These programs commenced due to educators acknowledging how speech and hearing problems affected performance in the classroom. Today, 55% of all speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work in the school systems, 95. 5% of those being females (Plante & Beeson, 2008). They are required to perform a vast array of important tasks.They determine, diagnose, treat, and assist in preventing disorders related to speech, communication, language, and fluency. According to a study done by Plante and Beeson (2008), their caseloads may accommodate multiple handicapped children or those with distinguishing speech and language hindrances. Their work is in-depth and very meticulous. School speech-language pathologists administer distinctive diagnostic tests to help recognize the particul ar area of complications a child encounters. The child may face problems with stuttering, fluency, swallowing, articulation of words, or many other serious cases.Once the impairment of a student is recognized, they write an individualized education plan (IEP). This is comprised of a set of simple goals and objectives for each of their students throughout the duration of the school year. They may work with the students individually, in a small group, or with an entire classroom to accomplish these goals (Plante & Beeson, 2008). Each school day has a fixed number of allotted time slots for a school SLP. It must be filled with activities mandated by the state, federal laws, or local education problems and procedures (â€Å"Executive summary: A,† 2003).If needed, they may work with other professionals to help treat children. Classroom teachers can aid in sharing with the speech-language pathologist what the child’s struggles with in the classroom. Audiologists and scho ol speech-language pathologists work side-by-side in many cases determining the problems and best treatment fort he child. Occupational therapists, physical therapists, child psychologists, and special education teachers also work together to evaluate a student. Joint evaluation of a child speeds up the process and allows for a diagnosis and treatment methods to be put in place sooner.It is also a benefit because all of these professionals have experience working with this particular population (Plante & Beeson, 2008). Caseloads, not to be confused with workloads, are typically defined as the number of students with IEPs that school SLPs serve directly and/or indirectly. However, in some school districts it might also include those students whom do not have identified disabilities but still receive assistance (â€Å"Executive summary: A,† 2003). By ASHA’s recommendation, the maximum caseload for a school SLP should be no more than 40 students.However, the results f rom the study completed by Katz, Maag, Fallon, Blenkarn, and Smith (2010) suggest that it is typical for a caseload to fluctuate between 45 and 59 students. Too many caseloads can put too much added pressure on a school SLP, causing them to become less satisfied with their job. Job satisfaction is characterized as an attitudinal variable estimating the degree to which employees are pleased by their jobs and the miscellaneous aspects of their jobs (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007). Speech-language pathologists exceeding 40 caseloads expressed significantly less satisfaction with their career choice.They felt pressured by lack of time in completing assessments compared to those with fewer caseloads (Katz, Maag, Fallon, Blenkarn & Smith, 2010). Most employees’ voice that having reliable coworkers, enough time to get work done, and a friendly supervisor all contribute to higher job satisfaction. This in turn correlates to their likelihood to remain in the profession (Katz et al, 2010). Those who have been in the profession for a greater number of years have a higher job satisfaction than those who are just starting out.Although, they are often unsatisfied with their opportunity for promotion or advancement in the field, fellow coworkers, pay and pay rises, and their primary supervisor (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007). Despite some downfalls, school speech-language pathology is a fast growing career. Numerous states across the United States have undergone a significant net gain in population. Immigration levels are on the rise in states such as New York, Florida, Minnesota, California, and Texas. Thus, increasing the number of speech-language pathologists needed in school districts (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007). There will be a larger demand for speech-language athologists that specialize with certain age groups, especially school-age children. Currently, there are approximately 54,120 speech-language pathologists working in private and public school systems. B y 2020, that number is expected to increase by more than 12,000 employed school speech-language pathologists (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). There are countless benefits that are enticing more people into the field. Mothers (and sometimes fathers) of school-age children enjoy that their working hours are very similar to their children’s schedules. They can work full-time and still get their child off the school bus everyday.Majority of school SLPs (93%) only work 9-10 months out of the year, allowing them to have the summers off to spend with their families but still be paid on an annual basis (Brook, 2012). Generous benefit packages are usually offered, including health, dental, and vision insurance programs and maternity leave. Furthermore, the salary of a school speech-language pathologist also definitely has its advantages. Salary fluctuates depending on years of experience, geographic location, and type of school system. According to the results of a study done by Brook (2012), the median earning of a school speech-language pathologist was around $58,000.Those who work in the Northeast region have a higher median income those who work in alternative regions of the country, especially the South and Midwest. By working in a suburban or metropolitan area, school SLPs are likely to make about $10,000 more than those working in rural areas. Secondary and elementary school speech-language pathologists generally have a higher income than those who work with in preschools. Those with 28 years of experience or more made up to $25,000 more than those first starting out in the profession (Brook, 2012). A range fluctuating between 88% and 94% of school SLPs were paid on an annual basis. .

How to Conjugate the Verb Lavorare in Italian

Lavorare is a regular first-conjugation verb, with a typical -are verb ending pattern, that means to work and which gave English the terms labor, to labor and laborer. Depending on the context, the single word in Italian can translate to English synonyms such as to toil and to drudge. Much like in English, lavorare is used most often as an intransitive verb, though conjugated with the auxiliary verb avere in its compound tenses. Remember, that means that there is no direct object and usually the verb is followed by a preposition or even an adverb: lavorare duro (to work hard), lavorare tutta la notte (to work all night), lavorare per vivere (to work to live), lavorare da falegname (to work as a carpenter). When it is used transitively, followed by a direct object, is usually describes the act of working a material: lavorare la terra (to work the soil or the land, which also can be a way of saying that one is a farmer) or lavorare il legno (to work wood, also meaning to be a carpenter or a woodworker). In its pronominal/reflexive form—lavorarsi—the verb means to work over somebody, to wheedle or finagle: Beppe si à ¨ lavorato il suo amico bene bene. Beppe wheedled his friend well. In the conjugation tables below you will find lavorare in several of its most common constructions. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative A regular presente. Io lavoro Oggi lavoro a un articolo. Today I work/am working on an article. Tu lavori Tu lavori l'oro di carriera? Do you work/work with gold as a career? Lui/lei/Lei lavora Marco lavora da operaio perchà © non trova altro lavoro. Marco works as a laborer because he can't find other work. Noi lavoriamo Questa settimana lavoriamo a tempo pieno. This week we are working full time. Voi lavorate Voi lavorate in banca da quando vi conosco. You work/have worked at the bank since I've known you. Loro/Loro lavorano Nel cantiere lavorano tutti i giorni fino all'alba. In the shipyard they work till dawn every day. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Present Perfect Indicative The passato prossimo is made of the present of the auxiliary and the participio passato, which in the case of lavorare is lavorato. Io ho lavorato Oggi ho lavorato a un articolo tutto il giorno. Today I worked on an article all day. Tu hai lavorato Tutta la vita hai lavorato l'oro. All your life you worked gold/with gold. Lui/lei/Lei ha lavorato Marco ha lavorato sempre da operaio. Marco has always worked as a laborer. Noi abbiamo lavorato Questo mese abbiamo lavorato a tempio pieno. This month we worked full time. Voi avete lavorato Voi avete lavorato in banca a Siena tutta la carriera. You worked/have worked in the bank in Siena your whole carrier. Loro hanno lavorato Ieri al cantiere hanno lavorato fino all'alba. Yesterday at the shipyard they worked till dawn. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfect Indicative A regular imperfetto. Io lavoravo Quando sei arrivata lavoravo a un articolo sulla moda. When you arrived I was working on an article about fashion. Tu lavoravi Quando ti ho conosciuto tu non lavoravi ancora l'oro. When I met you, you were not working gold/with gold yet. Lui/lei/Lei lavorava Marco lavorava da operaio quando si à ¨ fatto male. Marco was working as a laborer when he was injured. Noi lavoravamo Prima lavoravamo a tempo pieno; adesso lavoriamo a giornata. Before we used to work full time; now we are hired by the day. Voi lavoravate Prima di diventare insegnanti lavoravate in banca? Before becoming teachers you used to work at the bank? Loro/Loro lavoravano Anni fa nel cantiere lavoravano sempre fino all'alba; adesso chiudono presto. Years ago at the shipyard they used to work till dawn; now they close early. Indicativo Passato Remoto: Remote Past Indicative A regular passato remoto. Io lavorai Lavorai a vari articoli per molto tempo. I worked on various articles for a long time. Tu lavorasti Quell'anno lavorasti l'oro notte e giorno per finire gli anelli per la regina. That year you worked/worked with the gold night and day to finish the rings for the queen. Lei/lei/Lei lavorà ² Marco lavorà ² da operaio per un anno intero. Marco worked as a laborer for a full year. Noi lavorammo Lavorammo a tempo pieno fino alla crisi finanziaria. We worked full time until the financial crisis. Voi lavoraste Nel 1944 non lavoraste in banca perchà © c'era la guerra. In 1944 you didn't work at the bank because of the war. Loro/Loro lavorarono Quell'anno lavorarono al cantiere tutti i giorni fino all'alba per finire di costruire la nave. That year in the shipyard they worked till dawn every day to finish building the ship. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Past Perfect Indicative The trapassato prossimo expresses an action in the past preceding the passato prossimo. It is formed with the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avevo lavorato Avevo lavorato a quell'articolo assiduamente, ma non gli piacque. I had worked on that article intensely, but he didn't like it. Tu avevi lavorato Quando arrivà ² la Giovanna eri stanchissimo perchà © avevi lavorato l'oro tutta la notte. When Giovanna arrived you were very tired because you had worked on the gold/with the gold all night. Lui/lei/Lei aveva lavorato Marco aveva lavorato da operaio per molti anni, poi aveva cambiato lavoro. Marco had worked as a laborer for many years, then he had changed jobs. Noi avevamo lavorato Avevamo lavorato a tempo pieno per un anno prima che ci licenziassero. We had worked full time for a year before they fired us. Voi avevate lavorato Avevate lavorato in banca per molto tempo? Had you worked at the bank for long? Loro/Loro avevano lavorato Quando lo chiusero, gli operai avevano lavorato al cantiere tutta la vita. When they closed it, the workers had worked at the shipyard their whole lives. Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Preterite Perfect Indicative The trapassato remoto, a literary or storytelling tense, is made of the passato remoto of the auxiliary and the past participle, and used in constructions with the passato remoto. Io ebbi lavorato Dopo che ebbi lavorato all'articolo tutto il giorno lo persi. After I had worked on the article all day, I lost it. Tu avesti lavorato Appena che avesti lavorato l'ultimo dell'oro smettesti. As soon as you had worked the last of the gold, you quit. Lui/lei/Lei ebbe lavorato Dopo che Marco ebbe lavorato da operaio per trent'anni, lo licenziarono. After Marco had worked as a laborer for 30 years, they fired him. Noi avemmo lavorato Appena avemmo lavorato a tempo pieno per trent'anni, andammo in pensione. As soon as we had worked full time for 30 years, we retired. Voi aveste lavorato Dopo che aveste lavorato in banca andaste in pensione. After you had worked at the bank, you retired. Loro/Loro ebbero lavorato Dopo che ebbero lavorato al cantiere fino all'alba andarono a dormire. After they had worked at the shipyard till dawn they were to sleep. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Simple Future Indicative A regular futuro semplice. Io lavorerà ² Se lavorerà ² a questo articolo tutta la notte lo finirà ². If I work on the article all night I will finish it. Tu lavorerai Se lavorerai loro tutta la vita sarai ricco. If you work/work with gold your whole life you will be rich. Lui/lei/Lei lavorerà   Marco lavorerà   da operaio tutta la vita perchà © non ha voglia di cercare un altro lavoro. Marco will work as a laborer his whole life because he doesn't feel like looking for another job. Noi lavoreremo Lavoreremo a tempo pieno finchà © c'à ¨ lavoro. We will work full time until there is work. Voi lavorerete Voi lavorerete in banca tutta la vita perchà © siete noiosi. You will work at the bank your whole life because you are boring. Loro lavoreranno Gli operai al cantiere lavoreranno finchà © non finiscono la nave. The laborers of the shipyard will work until they finish the ship. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Future Perfect Indicative The futuro anteriore is made of the future of the auxiliary and the past participle. It expresses an action that will happen in the future after something else happens. Io avrà ² lavorato Quando avrà ² lavorato a questo articolo tre ore, smetterà ². When I will have worked on this article for three hours I will quit. Tu avrai lavorato Quest'anno avrai lavorato l'oro per otto anni. This year you will have worked/worked with gold for eight years. Lui/lei/Lei avrà   lavorato Dopo che Marco avrà   lavorato tutta la vita da operaio sarà   ancora povero. After Marco will have worked as a laborer his whole life, he will still be poor. Noi avremo lavorato Quando avremo lavorato a tempo pieno per dieci anni andremo in pensione. When we will have worked full time for 10 years we will retire. Voi avrete lavorato Dopo che avrete lavorato in banca qui per una settimana conoscerete tutto il paese. After you will have worked at the bank here for a week you will know the whole town. Loro/Loro avranno lavorato Quando avranno lavorato fino all'alba andranno a letto. After they will have worked till dawn, they will go to bed. Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo presente. Che io lavori Sebbene lavori a questo articolo da giorni, ancora non ho finito. Though I have been working on this article for days, I am still not finished. Che tu lavori Sebbene tu lavori l'oro da poco tempo, sei diventato bravissimo. Though you have been working/working with gold only a short time, you have become very good at it. Che lui/lei/Lei lavori Credo che Marco lavori da operaio da sette anni. I think Marco has been working as a laborer for seven years. Che noi lavoriamo Voglio che lavoriamo a tempo pieno. I want us to work full time. Che voi lavoriate I vostri genitori vogliono che lavoriate in banca, vero? Your parents want you to work at the bank, right? Che loro/Loro lavorino Temo che gli operai lavorino nel cantiere fino all'alba. I fear that the workers at the shipyard will work till dawn. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo passato is made of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io abbia lavorato Credo che abbia lavorato a questo articolo per tre giorni. I think I worked on this article for three days. Che tu abbia lavorato Nonostante tu abbia lavorato l'oro per molti anni, ancora non mi hai fatto nessun gioiello! Though you have worked with gold for many years, you have never made me a piece of jewelry! Che lui/lei/Lui abbia lavorato Sebbene Marco abbia lavorato da operaio per molti anni, non si à ¨ mai fatto male sul lavoro. Though Marco has worked as a laborer for many years, he has never injured himself at work. Che noi abbiamo lavorato Credo di ricordare che abbiamo lavorato a tempo pieno per diciotto anni. I believe I remember that we worked full time for 18 years. Che voi abbiate lavorato Penso che abbiate lavorato in banca troppo a lungo. I think you worked at the bank too long. Che loro/Loro abbiano lavorato Temo che gli operai al cantiere abbiano lavorato fino all'alba. I fear that the workers at the shipyard worked till dawn. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo imperfetto. Che io lavorassi L'editore voleva che lavorassi all'articolo tutta la notte. The editor wanted me to work on the article all night. Che tu lavorassi Speravo che tu lavorassi l'oro ancora perchà © volevo comprare un bracciale per mia mamma. I hoped that you still worked/worked with gold because I wanted to buy a bracelet for my mom. Che lui/lei/Lei lavorasse Nonostante lavorasse ancora da operaio, Marco era molto felice. Stanco ma felice. Though he still worked as a laborer, Marco was very happy; tired but happy. Che noi lavorassimo Speravo che non lavorassimo pià ¹ a tempo pieno. I hoped that we would not work full time anymore. Che voi lavoraste Credevo che non lavoraste pià ¹ in banca. I thought you didn't work at the bank anymore. Che loro lavorassero Il padrone voleva che gli operai lavorassero al cantiere fino all'alba. The owner wanted the laborers to work at the shipyard till dawn. Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo trapassato is made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io avessi lavorato L'editore pensava che avessi lavorato all'articolo tutta la notte. The editor thought I had worked on the article all night. Che tu avessi lavorato Nonostante tu avessi lavorato l'oro tutta la vita non eri mai riuscito a fare un gioiello che consideravi perfetto. Though you had worked/worked with gold all your life, you were never able to make a jewel you thought was perfect. Che lui/lei/Lei avesse lavorato Pensavo che Marco avesse lavorato da operaio tutta la vita. I thought that Marco had worked as a laborer all his life. Che noi avessimo lavorato La mamma pensava che tutti questi anni avessimo lavorato a tempo pieno. Mom thought that all these years we had worked full time. Che voi aveste lavorato Credevo che aveste lavorato in banca da molti anni. I thought that you had worked at the bank for many years. Che loro avessero lavorato Era improbabile che gli operai avessero lavorato al cantiere fino all'alba. It was unlikely that the workers at the shipyard had worked till dawn. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional A regular presente condizionale. Io lavorerei Lavorerei all'articolo anche di notte se avessi l'energia. I would work on the article even at night if I had the energy. Tu lavoreresti Tu lavoreresti l'oro anche nel sonno. You would work/work with gold in your sleep. Lui/lei/Lei lavorerebbe Marco non lavorerebbe da operaio se trovasse altro lavoro. Marco would not work as a laborer if he could find other work. Noi lavoreremmo Noi lavoreremmo a tempo pieno se ci fosse il lavoro. We would work full time if there were work available. Voi lavorereste Voi lavorereste in banca se trovaste altro lavoro? Would you work at the bank if you could find other work? Loro/Loro lavorerebbero Se fosse per loro, gli operai non lavorerebbero fino all'alba. If it were up to them, the workers would not work till dawn. Condizionale Passato: Past Conditional The condizionale passato, made of the present conditional of the auxiliary and the past participle. Io avrei lavorato Avrei lavorato all'articolo tutta la notte se avessi avuto l'energia. I would have worked on the article all night if I had had the energy. Tu avresti lavorato Tu avresti lavorato l'oro anche nel sonno se ti fosse stato possibile. You would have worked/worked with gold during your sleep if you had been able to. Lui/lei/Lei avrebbe lavorato Marco non avrebbe lavorato da operaio se avesse avuto scelta. Marco would not have worked as a laborer had he had a choice. Noi avremmo lavorato Noi avremmo lavorato a tempo pieno se ce lo avessero permesso. We would have worked full time if they had allowed us to. Voi avreste lavorato Voi non avreste lavorato in banca se aveste avuto un'altra opportunità  . You would not have worked at the bank if you had had another opportunity. Loro avrebbero lavorato Gli operai al cantiere non avrebbero lavorato fino all'alba se avessero potuto evitarlo. The workers at the shipyard would not have worked till dawn had they been able to avoid it. Imperativo: Imperative A regular imperativo. Tu lavora Lavora, pigro! Work, you slacker! Noi lavoriamo Dai, lavoriamo un po'. C'mon, let's work a little. Voi lavorate Lavorate, pigroni! Work, you slackers! Infinito Presente Passato: Present Past Infinitive Remember, the infinito often functions as a noun. Lavorare 1. Lavorare nobilita l'uomo. 2. Gli impiegati riprendono a lavorare domani. 1. Work ennobles man. 2. The employees return to work tomorrow. Aver lavorato Aver lavorato con te tutta la vita à ¨ stato un onore. Working with you my whole life has been an honor. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle Remember that, in addition to its strictly auxiliary function, the participio passato serves as an adjective and as a noun. The present participle, lavorante, is rather archaic, replaced by lavoratore. Lavorante I lavoranti erano chiusi nella fabbrica. The workers were closed in the plant. Lavorato 1. Questo maglione à ¨ lavorato a mano. 2. Quella terra à ¨ lavorata di recente. 3. I lavorati vengono portati nei negozi. 1. This sweater is made by hand. 2. That soil was plowed recently. 3. The products are taken to the stores. Gerundio Presente Passato: Present Past Gerund The gerund  is regular. Lavorando Lavorando, l'uomo canticchiava tra sà © e sà ©. Working, the man sang softly to himself. Avendo lavorato Avendo lavorato tutta la vita, Carlo fu felice di andare in pensione. Having worked all his life, Carlo was happy to retire.