United Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Joined Nations - Essay Example This is the reason the UN was set up while World War II was all the while going on. On the off chance that the objectives of the association are tranquil, it is still basically an association that began as a union of forces against a shared adversary, and was a military undertaking. â€Å"The 50 countries spoke to at San Francisco marked the Charter of the United Nations on June 26, 1945. Poland, which was not spoken to at the meeting yet for which a spot among the first signatories had been saved, included its name later, carrying the aggregate of unique signatories to 51† (Background, 2010). Obviously, today, the UN fills in as a peacekeeping association in excess of a military one, yet it stays powerful in any case. worried about basically military issues through the augmentation of its most significant feature, the Security Council. Nonetheless, the drafters of the association put into impact a standard of veto that has demonstrated to make the UN fairly inadequate now and again. In any event, when the Soviet Union had veto power, however, the UN stayed a solid and reasonable association. As time went on, the participation in the United Nations expanded as new countries became de-colonized and joined the association. With these new countries going into the condition, things turned out to be progressively convoluted as the quantity of countries expanded from fifty to very nearly 200. The UN in like manner went to issues like the earth and human rights as significant issues to handle and started to attempt to enact globally. â€Å"UN participation is available to all harmony adoring states that acknowledge the commitments of the UN Charter and, in the judgment of the association, are capable and ready to satisfy these commitments. Admission to participation is controlled by the General endless supply of the Security Council† (Background, 2010). The UN needed to make harmony, and in this manner was appropriate for issues like human rights and the

Problems and Issues in Implementing of Ra 9344 of Isabela Free Essays

string(84) and adolescent wrongdoers ascribing for the enormous level of fierce wrongdoings (i. Youngsters regularly test the cutoff points and limits set by their folks and other position figures. Among teenagers, some insubordination and experimentation is normal. In any case, a couple of kids reliably take an interest in risky practices that contrarily influence their family, scholarly, social, and individual working. We will compose a custom exposition test on Issues and Issues in Implementing of Ra 9344 of Isabela or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now These youngsters present extraordinary worry to guardians and the network at large.The counteraction of misconduct requires recognizing in danger people and their surroundings before reprobate action and conduct happen, and afterward expelling such hazard factors or fortifying protection from the hazard factors effectively present. The most coherent beginning spot for avoidance endeavors is family . The avoidance of misconduct requires distinguishing in danger people and their surroundings before reprobate action and conduct happen, and afterward evacuating such hazard factors or fortifying protection from the hazard factors as of now present.The most legitimate beginning spot for anticipation endeavors is the family. In the event that the reports we read on the papers are valid, at that point, this reality can't be denied: adolescent wrongdoing is on the expansion in our nation. The previous scarcely any years has seen a sharp slope of adolescent offenses. As we talk further Juvenile wrongdoing it is allude to withdrawn or unlawful conduct by youngsters or teenagers, for managing adolescents, for example, adolescent detainment places. There are a huge number of various hypotheses on the reasons for wrongdoing, most if not which can all be applied to the reasons for youth crime.A Juvenile Delinquent is one who more than once carries out wrongdoing. These adolescent delinquents some of the time have mental clutters/social issues, for example, post horrible pressure issue or bipolar issue, and are once in a while determined to have direct disorder[1] mostly because of their reprobate practices. Individual mental or conduct hazard factors that may make irritating more probable incorporate knowledge, hastiness or the powerlessness to postpone satisfaction, hostility, sympathy, and anxiety. Farrington: 2002) Children with low knowledge are probably going to do mor e regrettable in school. This may expand the odds of culpable on the grounds that low instructive accomplishment, a low connection to class, and low instructive yearnings are all hazard factors for culpable in themselves. (Walklate: 2003 p. 2) Children who perform inadequately at school are additionally bound to truant, which is likewise connected to culpable. (Farrington: 2002 p. 682) If strain hypothesis or subculture hypothesis are legitimate poor instructive fulfillment could prompt wrongdoing as youngsters couldn't accomplish riches and status legally.However it must be conceived as a main priority that characterizing and estimating knowledge is irksome. Youthful guys are particularly prone to be imprudent which could mean they ignore the drawn out results of their activities, have an absence of poise, and can't defer prompt satisfaction. Progressively over kids who act illegal. Most legitimate frameworks endorse explicit strategies for managing adolescents, for example, adolescent detainment communities. There are a huge number of various speculations on the reasons for wrongdoing CriminologyCriminology is the logical investigation of the nature, degree, causes, and control of criminal conduct in both the individual and in society†¦ most if not which can all be applied to the reasons for youth wrongdoing. Youth wrongdoing is a significant issue and is a part of wrongdoing which gets incredible consideration from the news media News media The news media alludes to the area of the broad communications that centers around introducing current news to the general population. These incorporate print media; communicate media , and progressively Internet-based media . - Etymology: A medium is a bearer of something†¦II. Hypothetical edge work. The hypothesis of Differential affiliation likewise manages youngsters in a gathering setting, and sees how friend pressure and the presence of groups could lead them into wrongdoing. It proposes youngsters are propelled to perpetrate wrongdoings by reprobate friends, and take in criminal abilities from them. The reduced impact of companions after men wed has likewise been refered to as a factor in stopping from culpable. There is solid proof that youngsters with criminal companions are bound to perpetrate violations themselves.However the reality of the situation may prove that guilty parties like to connect with each other, as opposed to reprobate friends making somebody begin insulting. Moreover there is the topic of how the reprobate friend bunch became reprobate at first. In Social confusion Current positivist methodologies by and large spotlight on the way of life. A sort of criminological hypothesis crediting variety in wrongdoing and misconduct after some time and among regions to the nonappearance or breakdown of common foundations (e. g. family, school, church and social gatherings. what's more, public connections that customarily empowered agreeable connections among individuals. Merton’s recommends five adjustments to this issue: 1. Development: people who acknowledge socially affirmed objectives, however not really the socially endorsed implies. 2. Retreatism: the individuals who dismiss socially endorsed objectives and the methods for gaining them. 3. Ceremony: the individuals who get tied up with an arrangement of socially affirmed implies, however dismiss the objectives. Merton accepted that tranquilize clients are in this class. 4. Similarity: the individuals who fit in with the system’s means and objectives. . Disobedience: individuals who discredit socially affirmed objectives and means by making another arrangement of satisfactory objectives and means. A trouble with strain hypothesis is that it doesn't investigate why offspring of low-pay families would have poor instructive achievement in any case. All the more critically is the way that much youth wrongdoing doesn't have a monetary inspiration. Strain hypothesis neglects to clarify vicious wrongdoing, the sort of youth wrongdoing which makes most tension people in general. III. Calculated structure Juvenile misconduct is youngsters who act against the law.Most lawful frameworks recommend explicit methodology for managing adolescents, for example, adolescent confinement focuses On kids who act illegal. Most legitimate frameworks recommend explicit strategies for managing adolescents, for example, adolescent detainment communities ce the adolescent guilty party arrives at development the person in question is probably going to keep showing maladaptive practices and expands his danger of being spun through the criminal equity framework as a grown-up wrongdoer. Because of the little populace of constant grown-up and adolescent guilty parties crediting for the huge level of savage wrongdoings (I. You read Issues and Issues in Implementing of Ra 9344 of Isabela in class Papers . murder and bothered attack) the criminal equity framework ought to administer the little populace of profession crooks with an end goal to forestall the bringing forth of genuine vicious guilty parties. In the event that psychological issue, for example, direct confusion go undiscovered and untreated the adolescent guilty party has the expanded potential to later create reserved character issue and proceed with his life as a lifelong lawbreaker. Most of fierce guilty parties show qualities of introverted character issue and display it no later than age 15.Antisocial character issue is a typical determination for a sequential executioner. Creators Alvarez and Bachman found that one closeness among sequential executioners was their earlier criminal feelings. For this situation lead issue can turn into a likely constituent to sequential homicide if not analyzed and treated before it completely creates in adulthood as withdrawn character issue. Both direct issue and standoffish character issue are classified as character issue under the DSM-IV-TR and offer incredibly comparable definitions as clarified above in ‘Mental Disorders’.Some of the regular attributes incorporate steady infringement of cultural standards, forceful conduct towards individuals, and a disassociation to the feeling of sympathy. These qualities are additionally normal among sequential executioners and if the maladaptive practices are not treated they can possibly consider an individual that fantasizes about murdering a few casualties and afterward satisfies their impulsivity when they are not, at this point fit for smothering it. IV. Statemet of the problemThis study expects to decide the boundless instances of adolescent wrongdoing or the quantity of mino rs who perpetrated violations at the district of Isabela for the year 2009-2010. This investigation tried to answer the accompanying: 1. To decide the quantities of the young who carried out violations. 2. To decide the noteworthy of contemplating adolescent misconduct cases to criminology understudy. 3. To decide the motivation behind why there is an across the board of adolescent wrongdoing. VI. Essentialness of the examination This investigation is huge to the accompanying persons:School Administration: Should the aftereffect of the investigation demonstrated the explanation of the across the board adolescent wrongdoing cases in our general public. For them to do an activity plan on the most proficient method to teach their understudies to maintain a strategic distance from this off-base doings Criminology educators: This investigation can assist the educators with preparing the criminology understudies on the most proficient method to manage tjis issue as the will be the future harmony creator of our general public. The guardians: The outcome is exceptionally useful to the entirety of the guardians for them to manage their kids to the correct way and for them to pick up information about adolescent delinquency.The school: the foundation could execute the principles and guidelines and furthermore discipline for them to guarantee that the understudy will dodge to board of trustees wrongdoings. The people group: the outcome is helpful to them for them to know about the across the board cases in our general public. The understudy: As a criminology understudy we are so much profited purchase the aftereffect of this examination. It is on the grounds that we will b

When to Take Hourly Contracts vs Fixed Price

The vast majority of clients on freelancing sites don’t care whether a client opts for a fixed price or hourly contract. This is especially true of clients that are new to the site, but it’s also true for many others. They have a set budget in mind so they typically opt for fixed price, but if they think that the job will be better suited to an hourly contract, or if that’s the only option available, they’ll be more than happy to switch over. And this is key, because knowing when to take hourly jobs and when to take fixed price jobs is essential for increasing your profits as a freelancer. Fast Writing — Fixed Price If you’re fast, fixed price is usually the way to go. The average client doesn’t understand how quickly professional writers work. They assume that it takes you an hour or two to write 500 words, and they assume this because that’s probably how they remember writing essays at university. They do a quick calculation in their heads, accounting for research, planning, writing and editing, and they arrive at that number. In actual fact, most writers can reel off a 1,000 piece in less than an hour and more experienced writers can do it in half an hour. If you’re one of these, you should be charging a fixed price. To the average client, a fixed price of $0.10 a word looks much more realistic and manageable than an hourly fee of $100. In actual fact, you’re probably making a lot more than $100 an hour, but because they’re expecting you to write slowly, they just don’t see it. Let them think that you’re slow, as that way they’ll assume they’re paying less for your time than they actually are. Novels and Memoirs — Hourly If you’re a fast writer and have some experience writing novels and nonfiction books, it may make more sense to opt for a fixed price, especially taking into account what we discussed above. But the writing is not the issue here, it’s everything else that will be expected of you. Clients looking for short nonfiction books that they can turn into eBooks will take what you give them, assuming it’s well written. They just want a well written book that they can quickly publish and sell. In those cases, fixed price is fine. But for memoirs, fiction, and pretty much any book that comes with extensive guidelines, hourly works best. Anyone paying you to write about their life or to write according to a vision they have will almost certainly want you to rewrite parts, do extensive edits, or make room for their insane and often poorly-written additions. It’s one of the facts of life of being a freelancer, and if you’re on a fixed price contract, you’re effectively doing all that extra work for free. In the short term it’s going to feel like an hourly contract is earning you less than a fixed price one, and for the first draft that will certainly be the case, but it’ll pay off in the long run. It also means that you don’t need to argue against edits knowing that they’ll be re-edited later. You’re being paid for every minute you work, so you can just do as they wish. Emails and Tag Lines — Hourly There is a huge need for promotional emails, tag lines, and other short copywriting tasks. Many clients assume that the same amount of work goes into these that goes into anything else, but that’s not the case and by charging them your usual per word rate you’re seriously underselling yourself. A lot of thought can go into writing a single tag line, Twitter/Instagram post or email, and in the end you’re only writing 50 to 100 words. You spend a lot of the time thinking, which you won’t be paid for, and very little time writing, which you will be paid for. Hourly fee works best as you’re getting paid for all the process. For example, imagine that you’re tasked with writing a 2,000 word piece on your favorite subject, one that you know off the top of your head, either because it’s an interest of yours or something you’ve written about a lot. Your only limit is how fast you can type and how quickly you can proof what you read. You may knock it out in 45 to 75 minutes, which would earn you $100 at $0.05 per word. Now imagine that you’re writing 10 social media posts for a criminal defense attorney and you’re not versed in legal matters. You may need to spend half an hour researching the company and brushing up on the subject, another half an hour fretting over whether you’re coming across as knowledgable on the subject, and then an hour writing the posts and making sure they are short, snappy, informative, and everything else the client requires. In the end you’ve spent a couple of hours writing what could amount to 300 or 500 words, earning you $15 to $25. The shorter the job and tougher the work, the more inclined you should be to work on an hourly contract.

Dinah and Male-Dominated Biblical Narrative

One of the aptest historical criticisms of The Holy Bible is the way it fails to chronicle womens lives, abilities and viewpoints with the same effort it puts into mens lives. The story of Dinah in Genesis 34 is one of the best examples of this male-dominated narrative. A Young Woman at the Mercy of Men Dinahs story actually starts in Genesis 30:21, which tells of her birth to Jacob and his first wife, Leah. Dinah reappears in Genesis 34, a chapter that early versions of the Bible titled the rape of Dinah. Ironically, Dinah never speaks for herself in this significant episode of her life. In brief, Jacob and his family are encamped in Canaan near the city of Shechem. By now having reached puberty, teen-aged Dinah understandably wants to see something of the world. While visiting the city, she is defiled or outraged by the prince of the land, also called Shechem, who is the son of Hamor the Hivite. Although scripture says Prince Shechem is eager to marry Dinah, her brothers Simeon and Levi are enraged at the way their sister has been treated. They convince their father, Jacob, to exact a high bride price, or dowry. They tell Hamor and Shechem that it is against their religion to allow their women to marry men who are not circumcised, i.e., converts to the religion of Abraham. Because Shechem is in love with Dinah, he, his father, and eventually all the men of the city agree to this extreme measure. However, circumcision turns out to be a trap devised by Simeon and Levi to incapacitate the Shechemites. Genesis 34 says they, and possibly more of Dinahs brothers, attack the city, kill all the men, rescue their sister and despoil the town. Jacob is horrified and frightened, fearing that other Canaanites sympathetic with the people of Shechem will rise against his tribe in retaliation. How Dinah feels at the murder of her betrothed, who by this time may even have been her husband, is never mentioned. Rabbinical Interpretations Vary on Dinahs Story Later sources blame Dinah for this episode, citing her curiosity about life in the city as a sin since it exposed her to risk of rape. Shes also condemned in other rabbinical interpretations of scripture known as Midrash because she didnt want to leave her prince, Shechem. This earns Dinah the nickname of the Canaanite woman. A text of Jewish myth and mysticism, The Testament of the Patriarchs, justifies the anger of Dinahs brothers by saying that an angel instructed Levi to take revenge on Shechem for the rape of Dinah. A more critical view of Dinahs story holds the tale may be not historical at all. Instead, some Jewish scholars think Dinahs story is an allegory that symbolizes the way Israelite men conducted feuds against neighboring tribes or clans that raped or abducted their women. This reflection of ancient customs makes the story valuable, according to Jewish historians. A Feminist View of Dinahs Story In 1997, novelist Anita Diamant re-imagined Dinahs story in her book, The Red Tent, a New York Times best-seller. In this novel, Dinah is the first-person narrator, and her encounter with Shechem is not rape but consensual sex in anticipation of marriage. Dinah willingly marries the Canaanite prince and is horrified and grieved by her brothers vengeful actions. She flees to Egypt to bear Shechems son and is reunited with her brother Joseph, now Egypts prime minister. The Red Tent became a worldwide phenomenon embraced by women who longed for a more positive view of women in the Bible. Although entirely fiction, Diamant said she wrote the novel with attention to the history of the era, around 1600 B.C., particularly in terms of what could be discerned about the lives of ancient women. The red tent of the title refers to a practice common to tribes of the ancient Near East, in which menstruating women or women giving birth lived in such a tent along with their co-wives, sisters, daughters and mothers. In a question-and-answer on her website, Diamant cites work by Rabbi Arthur Waskow, who links the biblical law that keeps a mother separate from the tribe for 60 days upon the birth of a daughter as a sign that it is a sacred act for a woman to bear to another potential birth-giver. A subsequent work of non-fiction, Inside the Red Tent by Baptist scholar Sandra Hack Polaski, examines Diamants novel in light of both biblical story and ancient history, particularly the difficulties of finding historical documentation for womens lives. Diamants novel and Polaskis non-fiction work are completely extra-biblical, and yet their readers believe that they give voice to a female character whom the Bible never allows to speak for herself. Sources Giving Voice to Dinah Sermon given December 12, 2003, by Rabbi Allison Bergman Vann The Jewish Study Bible, featuring the Jewish Publication Societys TANAKH translation (Oxford University Press, 2004). Dinah by Eduard KÃ ¶nig, Emil G. Hirsch, Louis Ginzberg, Caspar Levias, Jewish Encyclopedia. Ten Questions on the Occasion of the Tenth Anniversary of The Red Tent by Anita Diamant (St. Martins Press, 1997). Inside the Red Tent (Popular Insights) by Sandra Hack Polaski (Chalice Press, 2006)

Comparing the Murder of the King in Hamlet, Richard II,...

Murder of the King in Hamlet, Richard II, Henry VIII, Macbeth and Julius Caesar Kings are everywhere in Shakespeare, from Hamlet to Richard the Second, from Henry the Eighth to Macbeth; many of the plays contain a central element of a king or autocratic head of state such as Julius Caesar, for example. They focus more specifically on the nature of that persons power, especially on the question of removing it; what it means on both a political and psychological level, how it can be achieved, and what will happen afterwards. This is not surprising, considering the times Shakespeare was living in: with the question of who ruled and where their authority came from being ever more increasingly asked in Elizabethan and Jacobean†¦show more content†¦This image of sacrifice is very important when we look at the reasons for killing the king. During the English Civil War the Puritans are reputed to have commonly recited the chant Tis to preserve his Majesty That we against him fight. ( Mack: Killing the King; pg 308 ) The thinking behind this came from an idea that had been around for many centuries but which had become more and more prevalent in Elizabethan times, actually setting a legal precedent as a defence then, often when the monarchy wished to reclaim lands sold by a usually young, inexperienced sovereign. Lawyers of the court claimed that the king had two bodies; firstly the body natural, prey to the follies and frailties that all human beings were capable of, but then superseding that the body politic which was infallible and immortal. The perfection of the body politic overruled any failings of the body natural. The body politic of the sovereign passed from one body natural to another when the reigning monarch died. This idea had originally been implemented to maintain the monarchys power between the death of one sovereign and the coronation of another: during the interim period only Christ was said to rule but this had led to the Pope claiming territory as Christs earthly representativ e. By

Innovation and Sustainable Business Development Business Rivalries

Question: Describe about the Innovation and Sustainable Business Development for Business Rivalries. Answer: Introduction With the acceleration of new emerging business rivalries, innovation of business model plays a paramount role in determining the success of any firm in todays world. Renovation of business model can be considered one of the inexpensive and smartest ways to aggravate the profitability of any business organization. To maintain the competitive advantage over the potential competitors, all the iconic business organizations around the world have focused on novelty and remodeling of a business model. The ineffective business model can generate the higher frequency of business disruption. This essay has explored how another industry or firm due to its efficient business model can disrupt an industry or business organization by drawing two examples of business models. A successful business model has two integral components. These can be the proposition of value and model of operation. Value proposition implies that the company has given a promise to its potential consumers that the consumers would perceive the value of the products or services provided by the former. According to Jackson Chapman (2012), the three critical dimensions of the value proposition are the model of revenue, segmentation of target and offering of products as well as services. Target segmentation has a major role to play, as the company needs to identify the suitable consumers to whom the company is willing to serve. Moreover, the company also needs to recognize the specific requirements of the chosen target market that the company wants to address. The company ensures the fact that the products or services must satisfy the needs of the consumers. The company has also placed an emphasis on a model of revenue, which implies a framework that the company creates to generate r evenue. On the other hand, operating model has also three essential components. These are an implementation of the value chain, modeling of cost and organization. The company has engaged in activities and operations of the value chain to create value for the consumers. Cost modeling is important for a company as it signifies configuration of a financial resource of the company to generate value. Moreover, the third component is positioning the employees to maintain sustainability and to increase competitive advantage. Figure 1: Business Model (Source: Bock et al. 2014) As the business organizations have attempted to innovate their products as well as their business models faster than the demands and necessities of the consumers, eventually a majority of business firms end up by generating products that are very intricate and complex for most of the consumers. As opined by Perera et al. (2014) to increase the productivity and profitability, most of the companies tend to increase the prices of the products and services, which are most demanding for their potential consumers. By carrying out these activities, many companies unwillingly have given rise to disruptive innovations. To achieve success and retain sustainability in the competitive business world, most of the companies approach for disruptive innovations. As opined by La Rosa et al. (2013) disruptive innovation has become one of the controversial and debated terms in todays business world propounded by an iconic economist named Clayton Christensen. This innovation can create a new market that has produced value network eventually. Moreover, this newly created value system tends to disrupt the existing business firms. Value proposition Figure 2: Difference in Value Proposition (Source: Jackson Chapman, 2012 ) The Australian airlines industry fails to attain the competitive advantage over its potential rivalries due to their different cost models. In recent years, new and innovative business models of another industry have disrupted the retail industry of Australia. The innovation of business model is necessary for this industry to recover from instability. According to Maglio Spohrer (2013), innovation of business model can be beneficial for any industry as it can provide an appropriate way to this industry by which it can survive in rapidly changing competitive and an intense business environment. It can also help the industry to identify the reasons of disruptions. Therefore, innovation of business model can act as a defensive weapon by any industry to combat against its aggressive rivalries. The innovative business models of various new airlines companies of Australia tend to dislocate and disrupt the existing business model of other airlines companies within the country. Figure 3: Various segmentation of target market (Source: Saebi Foss, 2015) For example, in 2011, a well-known company of Australia named Virgin Blue, which is an airlines company, has lowered the fares of air tickets for the "premium coach". By doing this, the company has successfully achieved a share of 30% of the Australian market. Thus, it has disrupted the existing business firms such as Qantas (Saebi Foss, 2015). Considering the cost model of the new entrant, the management of Qantas finds it very difficult to compete with this marvelous airlines company named Virgin Blue. The company tends to evaluate and review the cost model to achieve competitive advantage over Virgin Blue. However, instead of imitating the innovative business model of Virgin Blue, the company has incorporated a low-cost division of airlines named Jetstar. This separate unit has been designed from the cheap model of Virgin Blue. According to DaSilva Trkman (2014), this revolutionary approach of Qantas has given a lucrative opportunity to the fliers to avail various options of acc ommodation, food, and entertainment. This business model of this airlines company has narrowed down the business growth of Virgin Blue. After incurring a huge loss, Virgin Blue has discarded their low-cost policy and has placed a stress on targeting those travelers who are businesspersons. Therefore, it can be said that development or progress of a business model is based on the existing environment of the industry. The low-cost business model helps Qantas to enhance its potential consumers. The major aim of this company is to grasp the ordinary consumers by driving the airfares very low. Moreover, Qantas has placed a stress on niche marketing business model instead of mass marketing. The company tends to target a specific group of consumers. By following a niche marketing strategy, the company becomes able to retain their business leadership position. However, it should be pointed out here that niche marketing strategy has given rise certain limitations for Qantas. Qantas becomes very vulnerable to any emerging change in the global market. As the company becomes over-dependent on a particular group of consumers, the company is more likely to face business risk. On the contrary, the companies, which follow mass marketing strategy, cannot face any business risk. Apart from that, it has been observed that Qantas has followed advertising business model and this advertising model becomes one of the effective and fruitful business models with the rapid development of social networking sites and communication technology. Qantas tends to attract its target market through the promotional activities in social networking sites. Figure 4: Different Consumer Relationship (Source : Schaltegger et al. 2012) Besides, Qantas has been operating its business based on partner channels, as the company has not possessed any owned channel. The distribution channels of Qantas are decentralized. Qantas has relied on direct customer relationship in order to attract new as well as existing consumers. Moreover, this business firm has maintained the structure of lean cost as it has helped it to maintain competitive advantage. On the other hand, the companies, which follow fat cost structure, have faced several challenges while operating their businesses amidst intense competition. Like many non-profit organizations, the revenue stream of Qantas is diversified. This revenue stream has helped the company to increase its sales and productivity in a short period. Most of the airlines companies in Australia such as Virgin Blue has followed Subscription business model. This model is also known as recurring model of revenue. The major aim of this model is to establish a long-term relationship with the exist ing consumers and thus, it has helped Virgin Blue to enhance its annual revenue. This revolutionary business model of Virgin Blue has proved to be productive for the company and this new model has challenged the business model of Qantas. Unlike Qantas, this company has emphasized on few potential partners and transactional relationship with the consumers. Apart from that, the centralized channels of distribution have hampered the business activities and operations of Qantas. Conclusion This essay has elaborately discussed the concepts of business model and disruption. The various dimensions of business models have been analyzed thoroughly. It has specified the effectiveness and loopholes of business models by drawing examples of Australian Airlines Company named Qantas. This essay has explored how the new and innovative business model of Virgin Blue has disrupted the existing business strategy of Qantas. The essay has also highlighted the key influencing reasons behind the disruption of business and the business models of two airlines companies of Australia have been critically evaluated in this study. Transcript This essay has been entitled as Innovation and Sustainable Business Development. This essay has discussed the importance and effectiveness of business models in todays competitive business environment. Innovation in business model becomes one of the major reasons of business disruption in todays competitive market. This essay has discussed the role and importance of business models in enhancing the productivity and retaining the market position. This essay has highlighted several industries and companies around the world that have been disrupted by the innovation of new business models. It has analyzed how the new and innovative business models have hampered the existing or prevailing business models. Reference list Amit, R., Zott, C. (2012), Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), 41. Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014), Literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, 42-56. Boons, F., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013), Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 9-19. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014), Business model: What it is and what it is not.Long Range Planning,47(6), 379-389. Jackson, D., Chapman, E. (2012), Non-technical skill gaps in Australian business graduates.Education+ Training,54(2/3), 95-113. Khanagha, S., Volberda, H., Oshri, I. (2014), Business model renewal and ambidexterity: structural alteration and strategy formation process during transition to a Cloud business model.RD Management,44(3), 322-340. La Rosa, M., Dumas, M., Uba, R., Dijkman, R. (2013), Business process model merging: An approach to business process consolidation.ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM),22(2), 11. Lambert, S. C., Davidson, R. A. (2013), Applications of the business model in studies of enterprise success, innovation, and classification: An analysis of empirical research from 1996 to 2010.European Management Journal,31(6), 668-681 Maglio, P. P., Spohrer, J. (2013), A service science perspective on business model innovation.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), 665-670. Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P. and Georgakopoulos, D., (2014), Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by the internet of things.Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies,25(1), pp.81-93. Saebi, T., Foss, N. J. (2015), Business models for open innovation: Matching heterogeneous open innovation strategies with business model dimensions.European Management Journal,33(3), 201-213. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F., Hansen, E. G. (2012), Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability.International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development,6(2), 95-119

The Relationship Between Accounting And Bookkeeping Accounting Essay Example For Students

The Relationship Between Accounting And Bookkeeping Accounting Essay Like all the other of import facets of life, accounting has its ain history. The procedure of accounting can be traced back to at least 3600 Ancient Civilization, even back so, people kept records of the cost of stuffs and labor that is used for edifice constructions. Subsequently, come the development of Commerce in the 1400 s ( Mercantilism in Italy ) . However, the first publication of dual entry bookkeeping system of accounting is due to Monk Luca Pacioli in 1494 AD in Venice Italy. We will write a custom essay on The Relationship Between Accounting And Bookkeeping Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Today s dual entry accounting remains the same as Monk Luca Pacioli s dorsum so. Due to the uninterrupted development in the concern society, fiscal accounting has evolved enormously. As a consequence of the rapid growing in concerns and the ownership of big corporations, there was a demand to divide the proprietor s equity from directors. Consequently, directors had to do history for the usage of proprietor s capital and the extent of wealth creative activity. Over the old ages at that place has been an accelerated growing in the profession of accounting. During the twelvemonth of 1904, 50 old ages after the coming out of the accounting profession, the persons who really held the rubric of hired comptrollers was about 6000. As the twelvemonth base on ballss by, the figure of hired comptrollers increased. On one manus, it is said that accounting came approximately as a consequence of the alterations in the environment and social demands. While on the other manus, it is said that accounting came approximately because of the development of commercialism. Throughout the mediaeval period, harmonizing to the historiographer, Michael Chatfield observation, he believed that mediaeval accounting bureau laid the foundations for the philosophies of stewardship and conservativism, and the medieval epoch created the conditions for the rapid progress in accounting engineering that occurred during the Renaissance. Yet during the 1000s of old ages that has passed between the autumn of the Roman Empire and the publication of Monk Luca Pacioli s work, there was a period of accounting stagnancy occurred and any patterns of accounting exterior of Italy were by and large omitted from the history of accounting. For the period of the mediaeval clip, clerking was localized and centered on the specialised establishment of the feudal manor. In the class of that clip the treasury gave the preparers and users of the belongings instead than the existent proprietor the authorization to transport out activities. In those times the chief ground for such act is so that they can supervise the persons from the lesser portion of the socio-economic background. At some point in the 1086, the Conqueror, William took precedency of all belongingss in the name of his male monarch. William subsequently took up the duty of ciphering revenue enhancements due on the belongingss and this is known as the Domesday Book. The Pipe Roll besides known as the Great Roll of the Exchequer is the oldest English accounting record and this reflect the revenue enhancements, rent and mulcts collectible to the King of England from A.D. 1130 to 1830. During that clip wooden tally sticks were used for history maintaining. Whenever an single wages off his debt a wooden run stick would be cut and prepares by the financial officer as a dealing. And that would be their sort of reception. The financial officer would usually cut the tally stick harmonizing to the sum paid by the creditor. For case if the individual is paying 1000 lb, so the financial officer would cut the tally stick the size of a human manus as his reception. .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 , .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 .postImageUrl , .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 , .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5:hover , .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5:visited , .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5:active { border:0!important; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5:active , .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5 .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac835cb559e1b3fcf9d9a1ce1125dbe5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sin And Virtue Used In Stephen EssayThe lone manner concern of today s society could turn, flourish and respond to the demands of their stakeholders is by utilizing more precise accounting methods. Besides, the accounting brings forth the concern and economic history, as the development of accounting aid concern in doing more economical determinations. A small background has merely been given about accounting and when clerking was foremost recognized. Now we will take a expression at clerking and accounting and their relationship. But first, allow s take a expression at what clerking and accounting really are. Bookkeeping besides known as record maintaining is the procedure of roll uping, forming, hive awaying, and accessing the fiscal information base of an entity, which is needed for two basic intents ; easing the daily operations of the entity and fixing fiscal statements, revenue enhancement returns, and internal studies to directors. Those fiscal statements include gross revenues, purchases, income, grosss and payments by an person or administration. The individual responsible for clerking is referred to as a bookkeeper. At the same clip accounting is the systematic recording, analysing, sum uping and coverage of fiscal information for a concern or an administration over a period of clip. An comptroller is the single whom is responsible for accounting within a concern or an administration, and that individual is expected to follow the regulations and ordinances of the by and large accepted accounting rule. Bookkeeping and accounting are related in some ways as they both trade with the fiscal information of the concern or an administration. Bookkeeping is an indispensable portion of the accounting procedure and without bookkeeping the accounting procedure can non get down. That is, the readying of the concluding fiscal statements ( income statement and the statement of fiscal place ) . Bookkeeping by and large ends at the readying of the test balance and that statement is used to pull up the income statement and the statement of fiscal place which is done by the comptroller. In a nutshell, where the clerking procedure ends, the accounting procedure begins. Bookkeeping and accounting goes manus in manus as bookkeepers have to enter fiscal information harmonizing to a set of fiscal systems under a set of guidelines which are known as internal controls. These internal controls are developed by comptrollers and they manage and monitor the system every bit good. Internal controls were created to minimise mistakes that would hold been made by bookkeepers due to the fact that they would be entering a big figure of activities for the concern within a given clip span. Accountants design the clerking system in such a manner that they can easy acknowledge larceny, fraud, peculation and other endangering activities to the concern. Accountants depend on dependable and accurate fiscal information from bookkeepers to decently measure the fiscal place of the concern. If the bookkeeper fiscal information is wrong so the accountant fiscal statements would be wrong as good. Though, the accountant usually examines the bookkeeper s work before really describing it. In general the bookkeeper of the concern or administration is frequently referred to as the accountant helper. Bookkeeping and accounting depends on each other systems to efficaciously analyze, summarise and describe fiscal information of an administration or concern to the assorted stakeholders.

HCA Hospitals Essays

Medicare Fraud Scandal with the Columbia/HCA Hospitals Essays Medicare Fraud Scandal with the Columbia/HCA Hospitals Paper Medicare Fraud Scandal with the Columbia/HCA Hospitals Paper One of the most pressing issues affecting the health sector is Medicare fraud. Based on the events that rocked the health community, which involved Columbia Health Hospitals, America has decided that it is high time to pay closer attention to one of the reasons why the Medicare is bleeding to death. This paper will try to look into the events that shaped the most controversial and biggest Medicare scandal that has awakened government to act before it is too late. To assist the readers, this paper will be divided into several parts: (a) Background of the paper where information about the case being examined will be provided. In addition, an introduction of the major issue(s) to be analyzed will also be presented; (b) Analysis Section will provide a detailed analysis of the situation(s) being examined and will outline recommendations for how the issue(s) could have been handled more effectively; finally, the (c) conclusion section where we will try to summarize the purpose of the project, the issue(s) examined and the major findings/conclusions/recommendations. II. Background For this particular paper, we will look into the kind of fraud that Columbia allegedly committed against Medicare and its members. To do so, we will need to first define what fraud is and how it is particularly committed. More importantly, we will look into how Columbia/HCA Hospitals allegedly committed the fraud and how it ultimately affected the American public as well as the American government. One fateful day in July of 1997, a series of raid launched by the government against a particular hospital conglomerate shocked America’s health care system and brought into the nation’s attention one of the biggest scandal that involved Medicare benefits of Americans. https://healtheappointments.com/private-hospital-vs-public-hospitals-essays/ In a raid conducted by federal and state agents, the main target was Columbia/ HCA hospitals in Florida. At issue were allegations that Columbia had defrauded Medicare, the deferral health insurance for the elderly and the disabled. Medicare was created by Congress in 1965 as a means to provide health benefits to Americans over the age of 65 and for the seriously disabled. In the beginning, it was said that Medicare had no effective cost control and while it did help the people it was meant to help (i. e. the elderly and the disabled), it also cost Uncle Sam a lot of taxpayer’s money. In the beginning, hospitals were reimbursed on a cost plus basis meaning that Medicare paid for the cost of service plus a fee for administrative overhead. However, in 1983, Congress passed the first significant effort to curb the skyrocketing costs of Medicare. Congress adopted a payment system based on diagnostic related groups (DRGs). Under the DRG system, hospitals would be paid per admission with an amount determined by the diagnosis instead of per day or per service. This new system helped check increasing Medicare costs but it also hurt hospitals and made them bleed profusely –at least on financial aspect. And while many hospitals saw this new change as a disadvantage, Columbia/HCA had another vision. They saw this new change as a way to increase their profits, albeit in a more fraudulent manner. In 1997, investigations were underway with regard to the alleged fraud practices employed by Columbia against Medicare. At issue in the investigation were several possibly fraudulent practices by Columbia/HCA and its managers. Among these were upcoding, cost shifting, unethical practices to pressure acquisition targets, and financial relationships with doctors. III. Analysis First things first: what is fraud and what act or acts constitutes fraud? When does one commit fraud? According to the definition of the Department of Health and Human Services, fraud is the intentional deception or misrepresentation that an individual knows to be false or does not believe to be true and makes, knowing that the deception could result in some unauthorized benefit to himself/herself or some other person. The most frequent kind of fraud arises from a false statement or misrepresentation made, or caused to be made, that is material to entitlement or payment under the Medicare program. The violator may a physician or other practitioner, a hospital or other institutional provider, a clinical laboratory or other supplier, an employee of any provider, a billing service, beneficiary, Medicare carrier employee or any person in a position to file a claim for Medicare benefits. Under the broad definition of fraud are other violations, including: the offering or acceptance of kickbacks, and the routine waiver of co-payments. According to the Find Law website, fraud schemes range from those perpetrated by individuals acting alone to broad-based activities by institutions or groups of individuals, sometimes employing sophisticated telemarketing and other promotional techniques to lure consumers into serving as the unwitting tools in the schemes. Seldom do perpetrators target only one insurer or either the public or private sector exclusively. Rather, most are found to be defrauding several private and public sector victims, such as Medicare, simultaneously. In Medicare, the most common forms of fraud include: Billing for services not furnished Misrepresenting the diagnosis to justify payment Soliciting, offering, or receiving a kickback Unbundling or exploding charges Falsifying certificates of medical necessity, plans of treatment, and medical records to justify payment Billing for a service not furnished as billed; i. e. , upcoding (Find Law, 1998) Now that we have an idea of what constitutes fraud, particularly the kind that can be committed against Medicare, we can now look more closely into the case that involved Columbia/HCA hospitals. Unlike many hospitals, Columbia/ HCA hospitals were obviously managed by a profit-oriented leader who put more emphasis on the money-yielding power of health care instead of the healing and caring aspect of the business. One key element that could have fostered the fraudulent behavior of the Columbia/HCA management is the company’s strategy of doctor ownership. Doctors were given the opportunity to become shareholders in the company –thus giving motivations to physicians to refer patients to its hospitals instead of its competitors. Moreover, as shareholders of the hospital, doctors had more incentives to hold down costs or to comply with managerial directives. It is, thus, not surprising to see how fraud could happen in such an environment. If doctors and hospitals are in it for the money, then there is no limit as to what they can do to get more financially. Just looking at the company vision or strategy of Columbia/HCA hospitals, we will see that ethics is clearly absent in the vision of management. Instead of aiming to provide quality health care to its patients, the doctors and management of Columbia/HCA are more interested in gaining more profit for the hospital and the corporation instead of giving excellent health care. While this may not be a bad gesture in the over all scheme of things, it still says a lot about the ethics of Columbia management. It would seem that the managers and doctors have lost the essence of their profession. Let me qualify that there is nothing evil in wanting to work for money. What constitutes evil is applying fraudulent means to get more profit. Now that we have an idea of what the problem is and where it lies, one recommendation that can be forwarded is the strengthening of ethics and values formation in the medical community. Doctors as well as everyone involved in the medical profession should understand that medicine is a calling, a vocation where money should come secondary to quality health care. Second recommendation would be to pressure government into providing stricter procedure for health care, particularly for Medicare. As noted by the Concord Coalition website, wherever medical guidelines are hazy and judgment calls are required, it tries to ration claims through arbitrary rules, creating a feast-or-famine reimbursement policy. It imposes huge compliance costs and produces capricious results. Worst of all, despite the estimated 45,000 pages of regulations, the system careens toward bankruptcy as costs keep rising. (Concord Coalition, 1997) More importantly, it is important to set harsher penalties for Medicare fraud cases. This is to ensure that hospitals like Columbia/HCA will learn from their mistakes and will serve as an example to all. Penalties must send the message that fraudulent acts will not go punished and will be dealt with severely by the government. IV. Conclusion It goes without saying that the controversy surrounding Medicare, Columbia/HCA, and the health system in general is a disease that needs immediate diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to heighten awareness of the problem affecting our health care industry with the ultimate goal of finding the perfect solution to the problem. Needless to say, Medicare fraud hurts not just the beneficiaries or the members but the taxpayers in general. In other words, it affects all Americans. The raids that took place in the hospitals of Columbia/HCA should serve as a reminder that criminal acts will, sooner or later, be revealed and perpetrators will be brought to justice. In addition, we have learned from the case presented to us, that there is still need for improvement in terms of implementing the Medicare system. More importantly, we have seen that ethics plays a huge part in the Medicare scandal. It would seem that the management behind Columbia/HCA has forgotten the real reason behind their organization. It is the belief of this author that a strengthening of ethics formation in the medical community will help in changing the tides of Medicare fraud. References: Find Law, 1998: Medicare Definition of Fraud [online] Available at: http://library. findlaw. com/1998/Feb/19/131383. html [cited on: June 14, 2006] Kansas Medicare, 2006: Medicare Fraud [online] Available at: kansasmedicare. com/policy/fraud. htm [cited on: June 14, 2006] Medicare, 2005: Medicare Fraud [online] Available at: medicare. gov/FraudAbuse/Overview. asp [cited on: June 14, 2006] Mutual Medicare, 2006: Help Reduce the Impact of Medicare Fraud [online] Available at: mutualmedicare. com/fraud/ [cited on: June 14, 2006] Senior Health, 2006: Medicare Fraud and Abuse Detection and Prevention Tips [online] Available at: http://seniorhealth. about. com/library/medicare/blfraud. htm? once=true [cited on: June 14, 2006] The Concord Coalition, 1997: Medicare Fraud: A Symptom, Not the Disease [online] Available at: concordcoalition. org/facing-facts/ff_fax42. html [cited on: June 14, 2006] The Qui Tam Online Network, 2006: Common Types of Qui Tam Fraud [online] Available at: quitamonline. com/fraud. html [cited on: June 14, 2006] United Government Services, 2006: Fraud and Abuse [online] Available at: ugsmedicare. com/about_ugs/fraud_abuse. asp [cited on: June 14, 2006]

INTERNATIONAL ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION Coursework

INTERNATIONAL ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION - Coursework Example Eventually, through the enaction of the Arbitration Act 1996 and through several cases, the arbitration clause was held to survive even if the underlying contract was void or invalid. The details of the evolution of the arbitration clause, with relation to whether it survives the death or invalidity of the underlying contract, is the topic of this submission. Analysis Historically, courts have approached the issue of the separability of arbitration clauses in different ways. In England, the issue of arbitration clauses being separable was decided in such a way that the arbitration clause became another contract term, in the case of Kill v. Hollister in 1746.1 This decision was in accordance with another decision by France different around this same time that was decidedly anti-arbitration. France’s Napoleonic Code outlawed enforcing arbitration clauses. However, the notion of separability evolved in Europe, so that Germany, in the late 19th Century, decided that the law of the arbitration and the law of the contract could be ruled by separate jurisdictions. This is because Germany decided that arbitration clauses were procedural, therefore would be ruled by the law of the forum. The contract itself, being substantive, would be ruled by a different law. Hence, Germany decided that arbitration clauses were separate from the contracts themselves.2 In England, a landmark court decision was seemingly influenced by the German notion of contract and arbitration clause separability. Hamlyn v. Talisker was a House of Lords decision in 1894 that decided that arbitration clauses were governed by separate laws than the contract themselves, and this meant that the law of the arbitration clauses would be governed by the place of arbitration, even though the law of the contract might be a different law than that of the arbitration. Other countries have followed suit, to where â€Å"separability for conflicts of law purposes has been accepted amongst the key arbitratio n countries.† 3Although most countries are in accordance with the notion of contract and arbitration clause separability, they handle the issue in different ways. Some countries allow parties to choose the law of the arbitration clause and the law governing the contract separately, while others â€Å"simply apply by statute the law of the seat to all cases proceeding in their territory.†4 The principle of severability is perfectly illustrated in the case of Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., et al., 514 U.S. 52. In that case, the parties entered into an agreement that had an arbitration provision and a choice of law provision. In that case, the arbitration provision stated that the law of Illinois, and the rules of the National Association of Securities Dealers, would govern arbitration, and the contract would be governed by the laws in New York. The parties arbitrated the disagreement in Illinois, and the plaintiffs were awarded punitive damages. The problem with this is that New York, which governed the contract, had passed a law that stated that arbitrators may not award punitive damages. Therefore, the defendants appealed the award of punitive damages, stating that, since New York precluded such an award. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari on the matter because the lower courts were in conflict as to whether contractual choice of law pro

Gender & Migration from a Rural Caribbean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender & Migration from a Rural Caribbean - Essay Example In this process of migration of human beings caused the increase of infections and nutritional diseases. The measures taken to improve the public health system by supply-improved nutrition's food items and medicine, some people in the developed nations had undergone a second epidemiological transition. In this transition period, there was an element of deceivers in infections diseases whereas degenerating conditions prevailed in the increase of non-infections diseases and chronic diseases. Â  At present, with more use of antibiotics, the people are facing a third epidemiological transition which is nothing best a new birth of infectious diseases, pathogens which have antibiotic-resistance. These pathogens potential of being transmitted globally on a large scale. Â  In a Paleolithic period, human beings dwelt in small, and sparsely settled groups. The size of the population and density was low during the Paleolithic period. The population size had been balanced as the births and deaths rates in small. Â  A dramatic change of increase in the size of the population and density occurred after Neolithic revolution. ... Â  There were associations of gender kinship with reproduction in rural Dominica. Â  As groups of kinship become larger and competition from locals increase leads to lessening the benefits to kinship. In Bwa Mawego, the reproductive success increased to an optimal mix of the group where it starts to decline. Men's migration was influenced by access to matrilineal inherited properties for commercial and agriculture. For this reason, the young adults delayed their reproduction till they have acquired adequate resources for their children in Bwa Mawego. Â  The youth complain that they would go for migration as a few jobs and educational facilities were available in Dominica. Further, to add, people in Bwa Mawego were willing for migration, as the young women had not prepared to become life partners with jobless youth. The men were ready to get married only after sound financial position. Migration is one of the means for improvement of reproduction chances. Â  Bwa Mawego is one of the least developed rural villages in Dominica. She is an island situated at the dead end of narrow, mountainous road. There are about 700 residents. The source of income for many families is cash crops. The economic activities are very limited to commercial agriculture and fishing.

Why a Black Would Chose Conservatism over Liberalism Essay

Why a Black Would Chose Conservatism over Liberalism - Essay Example As the report declares liberals and conservatives share the same political principles, differing only in degree. While both believe in public and private sector, liberals call for a larger government than do the conservatives. Conservatives rely on religion and tradition while liberalism believes in science and collectivism. A study conducted by the Bay Area Center For Voting Research shows that the liberals remaining in the nation are the African Americans although the black Church is supposed to be ‘conservative’. This research stresses that conservatism is a state of mind and a type of character; it is a way of looking at the social order. It has a set of traditional principles and philosophy. Conservatism calls for personal responsibility as one part of the social contract and understands the importance of collective responsibility. Relationship has to be built with everyone and not by creating a mental discrimination that they are oppressed by the whites. The blacks need to remove this mental block from their minds. The blacks are interested in conserving their past. They were denied emancipation and integration; they were taxed without representation and denied access to education too. Through various governments, from Ronald Reagan to George Bush, they always remained INFERIOR; they were blamed for crimes and drugs, and suffered inhuman treatment. Conservatism in the black community is widely associated with white racism.

The Conclusions Drawn By The National Reading Panels Study On Effective Reading :: essays papers

The Conclusions Drawn By The National Reading Panel's Study On Effective Reading Ever since the signing of the Declaration of Independence the United Sates has strived for the betterment of its society on a whole. This effort can be seen through not only the push for higher education, but also in the standards set in the curriculum for all students. Even though there is such a push for educating the students in America, it becomes surprising that certain simple aspects of education can be almost shaded by or lost under the bigger picture. One such aspect is trying to maintain reading levels, and keeping them up to speed with the corresponding grade levels. With reading levels seemingly on a steady descending scale, it has become necessary for certain actions to take place in hopes of finding ways to bring the levels back up to par. One course of action is conducting research on the manner resulting in the suggestions of possible solutions to the reading problem. Of multiple studies conducted on the matter, one that stands out to be both direct and promising is th e study conducted by the National Reading Panel. â€Å"The main goal of more formal educational research is to test theory and to advance scientific knowledge† (Samuels & Farstrup, 1992, p 5). As a result of the noticeable failing reading levels, Congress took it into their own hands to help solve the matter. â€Å"Congress directed the creation of the National Reading Panel to reevaluate educational research and give teachers and schools a roadmap to address this problem† (National Reading Panel, 2000 (NRP)). The panel was appointed in 1997, and used numerous studies and research that, once analyzed, was focused into certain areas that need to be incorporated in reading instruction. The areas that were highlighted in the resulting study were phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, and comprehension (Manzo, 2000, p 1). These areas can be examined more closely in order to gain insight and information into their beneficial effects on effective reading instruction. Phonemic awareness is first on the study’s list of things that need to be taught in order for students to become better readers. This aspect of the report is based on the idea that students need the ability to manipulate the sounds that make up the spoken language. â€Å"If the children cannot perceive these sound segments they will encounter difficulty when trying to sound words out in both reading and writing† (Samuels & Farstrup, 1992, p 108).

Speech-Language Pathologists

School Speech-Language Pathologists Hayley K. Mason Ball State University School Speech-Language Psychologists Speech-language pathologists began their impact in schools in 1910 in the Chicago public school systems. These programs commenced due to educators acknowledging how speech and hearing problems affected performance in the classroom. Today, 55% of all speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work in the school systems, 95. 5% of those being females (Plante & Beeson, 2008). They are required to perform a vast array of important tasks.They determine, diagnose, treat, and assist in preventing disorders related to speech, communication, language, and fluency. According to a study done by Plante and Beeson (2008), their caseloads may accommodate multiple handicapped children or those with distinguishing speech and language hindrances. Their work is in-depth and very meticulous. School speech-language pathologists administer distinctive diagnostic tests to help recognize the particul ar area of complications a child encounters. The child may face problems with stuttering, fluency, swallowing, articulation of words, or many other serious cases.Once the impairment of a student is recognized, they write an individualized education plan (IEP). This is comprised of a set of simple goals and objectives for each of their students throughout the duration of the school year. They may work with the students individually, in a small group, or with an entire classroom to accomplish these goals (Plante & Beeson, 2008). Each school day has a fixed number of allotted time slots for a school SLP. It must be filled with activities mandated by the state, federal laws, or local education problems and procedures (â€Å"Executive summary: A,† 2003).If needed, they may work with other professionals to help treat children. Classroom teachers can aid in sharing with the speech-language pathologist what the child’s struggles with in the classroom. Audiologists and scho ol speech-language pathologists work side-by-side in many cases determining the problems and best treatment fort he child. Occupational therapists, physical therapists, child psychologists, and special education teachers also work together to evaluate a student. Joint evaluation of a child speeds up the process and allows for a diagnosis and treatment methods to be put in place sooner.It is also a benefit because all of these professionals have experience working with this particular population (Plante & Beeson, 2008). Caseloads, not to be confused with workloads, are typically defined as the number of students with IEPs that school SLPs serve directly and/or indirectly. However, in some school districts it might also include those students whom do not have identified disabilities but still receive assistance (â€Å"Executive summary: A,† 2003). By ASHA’s recommendation, the maximum caseload for a school SLP should be no more than 40 students.However, the results f rom the study completed by Katz, Maag, Fallon, Blenkarn, and Smith (2010) suggest that it is typical for a caseload to fluctuate between 45 and 59 students. Too many caseloads can put too much added pressure on a school SLP, causing them to become less satisfied with their job. Job satisfaction is characterized as an attitudinal variable estimating the degree to which employees are pleased by their jobs and the miscellaneous aspects of their jobs (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007). Speech-language pathologists exceeding 40 caseloads expressed significantly less satisfaction with their career choice.They felt pressured by lack of time in completing assessments compared to those with fewer caseloads (Katz, Maag, Fallon, Blenkarn & Smith, 2010). Most employees’ voice that having reliable coworkers, enough time to get work done, and a friendly supervisor all contribute to higher job satisfaction. This in turn correlates to their likelihood to remain in the profession (Katz et al, 2010). Those who have been in the profession for a greater number of years have a higher job satisfaction than those who are just starting out.Although, they are often unsatisfied with their opportunity for promotion or advancement in the field, fellow coworkers, pay and pay rises, and their primary supervisor (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007). Despite some downfalls, school speech-language pathology is a fast growing career. Numerous states across the United States have undergone a significant net gain in population. Immigration levels are on the rise in states such as New York, Florida, Minnesota, California, and Texas. Thus, increasing the number of speech-language pathologists needed in school districts (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007). There will be a larger demand for speech-language athologists that specialize with certain age groups, especially school-age children. Currently, there are approximately 54,120 speech-language pathologists working in private and public school systems. B y 2020, that number is expected to increase by more than 12,000 employed school speech-language pathologists (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). There are countless benefits that are enticing more people into the field. Mothers (and sometimes fathers) of school-age children enjoy that their working hours are very similar to their children’s schedules. They can work full-time and still get their child off the school bus everyday.Majority of school SLPs (93%) only work 9-10 months out of the year, allowing them to have the summers off to spend with their families but still be paid on an annual basis (Brook, 2012). Generous benefit packages are usually offered, including health, dental, and vision insurance programs and maternity leave. Furthermore, the salary of a school speech-language pathologist also definitely has its advantages. Salary fluctuates depending on years of experience, geographic location, and type of school system. According to the results of a study done by Brook (2012), the median earning of a school speech-language pathologist was around $58,000.Those who work in the Northeast region have a higher median income those who work in alternative regions of the country, especially the South and Midwest. By working in a suburban or metropolitan area, school SLPs are likely to make about $10,000 more than those working in rural areas. Secondary and elementary school speech-language pathologists generally have a higher income than those who work with in preschools. Those with 28 years of experience or more made up to $25,000 more than those first starting out in the profession (Brook, 2012). A range fluctuating between 88% and 94% of school SLPs were paid on an annual basis. .

How to Conjugate the Verb Lavorare in Italian

Lavorare is a regular first-conjugation verb, with a typical -are verb ending pattern, that means to work and which gave English the terms labor, to labor and laborer. Depending on the context, the single word in Italian can translate to English synonyms such as to toil and to drudge. Much like in English, lavorare is used most often as an intransitive verb, though conjugated with the auxiliary verb avere in its compound tenses. Remember, that means that there is no direct object and usually the verb is followed by a preposition or even an adverb: lavorare duro (to work hard), lavorare tutta la notte (to work all night), lavorare per vivere (to work to live), lavorare da falegname (to work as a carpenter). When it is used transitively, followed by a direct object, is usually describes the act of working a material: lavorare la terra (to work the soil or the land, which also can be a way of saying that one is a farmer) or lavorare il legno (to work wood, also meaning to be a carpenter or a woodworker). In its pronominal/reflexive form—lavorarsi—the verb means to work over somebody, to wheedle or finagle: Beppe si à ¨ lavorato il suo amico bene bene. Beppe wheedled his friend well. In the conjugation tables below you will find lavorare in several of its most common constructions. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative A regular presente. Io lavoro Oggi lavoro a un articolo. Today I work/am working on an article. Tu lavori Tu lavori l'oro di carriera? Do you work/work with gold as a career? Lui/lei/Lei lavora Marco lavora da operaio perchà © non trova altro lavoro. Marco works as a laborer because he can't find other work. Noi lavoriamo Questa settimana lavoriamo a tempo pieno. This week we are working full time. Voi lavorate Voi lavorate in banca da quando vi conosco. You work/have worked at the bank since I've known you. Loro/Loro lavorano Nel cantiere lavorano tutti i giorni fino all'alba. In the shipyard they work till dawn every day. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Present Perfect Indicative The passato prossimo is made of the present of the auxiliary and the participio passato, which in the case of lavorare is lavorato. Io ho lavorato Oggi ho lavorato a un articolo tutto il giorno. Today I worked on an article all day. Tu hai lavorato Tutta la vita hai lavorato l'oro. All your life you worked gold/with gold. Lui/lei/Lei ha lavorato Marco ha lavorato sempre da operaio. Marco has always worked as a laborer. Noi abbiamo lavorato Questo mese abbiamo lavorato a tempio pieno. This month we worked full time. Voi avete lavorato Voi avete lavorato in banca a Siena tutta la carriera. You worked/have worked in the bank in Siena your whole carrier. Loro hanno lavorato Ieri al cantiere hanno lavorato fino all'alba. Yesterday at the shipyard they worked till dawn. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfect Indicative A regular imperfetto. Io lavoravo Quando sei arrivata lavoravo a un articolo sulla moda. When you arrived I was working on an article about fashion. Tu lavoravi Quando ti ho conosciuto tu non lavoravi ancora l'oro. When I met you, you were not working gold/with gold yet. Lui/lei/Lei lavorava Marco lavorava da operaio quando si à ¨ fatto male. Marco was working as a laborer when he was injured. Noi lavoravamo Prima lavoravamo a tempo pieno; adesso lavoriamo a giornata. Before we used to work full time; now we are hired by the day. Voi lavoravate Prima di diventare insegnanti lavoravate in banca? Before becoming teachers you used to work at the bank? Loro/Loro lavoravano Anni fa nel cantiere lavoravano sempre fino all'alba; adesso chiudono presto. Years ago at the shipyard they used to work till dawn; now they close early. Indicativo Passato Remoto: Remote Past Indicative A regular passato remoto. Io lavorai Lavorai a vari articoli per molto tempo. I worked on various articles for a long time. Tu lavorasti Quell'anno lavorasti l'oro notte e giorno per finire gli anelli per la regina. That year you worked/worked with the gold night and day to finish the rings for the queen. Lei/lei/Lei lavorà ² Marco lavorà ² da operaio per un anno intero. Marco worked as a laborer for a full year. Noi lavorammo Lavorammo a tempo pieno fino alla crisi finanziaria. We worked full time until the financial crisis. Voi lavoraste Nel 1944 non lavoraste in banca perchà © c'era la guerra. In 1944 you didn't work at the bank because of the war. Loro/Loro lavorarono Quell'anno lavorarono al cantiere tutti i giorni fino all'alba per finire di costruire la nave. That year in the shipyard they worked till dawn every day to finish building the ship. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Past Perfect Indicative The trapassato prossimo expresses an action in the past preceding the passato prossimo. It is formed with the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avevo lavorato Avevo lavorato a quell'articolo assiduamente, ma non gli piacque. I had worked on that article intensely, but he didn't like it. Tu avevi lavorato Quando arrivà ² la Giovanna eri stanchissimo perchà © avevi lavorato l'oro tutta la notte. When Giovanna arrived you were very tired because you had worked on the gold/with the gold all night. Lui/lei/Lei aveva lavorato Marco aveva lavorato da operaio per molti anni, poi aveva cambiato lavoro. Marco had worked as a laborer for many years, then he had changed jobs. Noi avevamo lavorato Avevamo lavorato a tempo pieno per un anno prima che ci licenziassero. We had worked full time for a year before they fired us. Voi avevate lavorato Avevate lavorato in banca per molto tempo? Had you worked at the bank for long? Loro/Loro avevano lavorato Quando lo chiusero, gli operai avevano lavorato al cantiere tutta la vita. When they closed it, the workers had worked at the shipyard their whole lives. Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Preterite Perfect Indicative The trapassato remoto, a literary or storytelling tense, is made of the passato remoto of the auxiliary and the past participle, and used in constructions with the passato remoto. Io ebbi lavorato Dopo che ebbi lavorato all'articolo tutto il giorno lo persi. After I had worked on the article all day, I lost it. Tu avesti lavorato Appena che avesti lavorato l'ultimo dell'oro smettesti. As soon as you had worked the last of the gold, you quit. Lui/lei/Lei ebbe lavorato Dopo che Marco ebbe lavorato da operaio per trent'anni, lo licenziarono. After Marco had worked as a laborer for 30 years, they fired him. Noi avemmo lavorato Appena avemmo lavorato a tempo pieno per trent'anni, andammo in pensione. As soon as we had worked full time for 30 years, we retired. Voi aveste lavorato Dopo che aveste lavorato in banca andaste in pensione. After you had worked at the bank, you retired. Loro/Loro ebbero lavorato Dopo che ebbero lavorato al cantiere fino all'alba andarono a dormire. After they had worked at the shipyard till dawn they were to sleep. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Simple Future Indicative A regular futuro semplice. Io lavorerà ² Se lavorerà ² a questo articolo tutta la notte lo finirà ². If I work on the article all night I will finish it. Tu lavorerai Se lavorerai loro tutta la vita sarai ricco. If you work/work with gold your whole life you will be rich. Lui/lei/Lei lavorerà   Marco lavorerà   da operaio tutta la vita perchà © non ha voglia di cercare un altro lavoro. Marco will work as a laborer his whole life because he doesn't feel like looking for another job. Noi lavoreremo Lavoreremo a tempo pieno finchà © c'à ¨ lavoro. We will work full time until there is work. Voi lavorerete Voi lavorerete in banca tutta la vita perchà © siete noiosi. You will work at the bank your whole life because you are boring. Loro lavoreranno Gli operai al cantiere lavoreranno finchà © non finiscono la nave. The laborers of the shipyard will work until they finish the ship. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Future Perfect Indicative The futuro anteriore is made of the future of the auxiliary and the past participle. It expresses an action that will happen in the future after something else happens. Io avrà ² lavorato Quando avrà ² lavorato a questo articolo tre ore, smetterà ². When I will have worked on this article for three hours I will quit. Tu avrai lavorato Quest'anno avrai lavorato l'oro per otto anni. This year you will have worked/worked with gold for eight years. Lui/lei/Lei avrà   lavorato Dopo che Marco avrà   lavorato tutta la vita da operaio sarà   ancora povero. After Marco will have worked as a laborer his whole life, he will still be poor. Noi avremo lavorato Quando avremo lavorato a tempo pieno per dieci anni andremo in pensione. When we will have worked full time for 10 years we will retire. Voi avrete lavorato Dopo che avrete lavorato in banca qui per una settimana conoscerete tutto il paese. After you will have worked at the bank here for a week you will know the whole town. Loro/Loro avranno lavorato Quando avranno lavorato fino all'alba andranno a letto. After they will have worked till dawn, they will go to bed. Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo presente. Che io lavori Sebbene lavori a questo articolo da giorni, ancora non ho finito. Though I have been working on this article for days, I am still not finished. Che tu lavori Sebbene tu lavori l'oro da poco tempo, sei diventato bravissimo. Though you have been working/working with gold only a short time, you have become very good at it. Che lui/lei/Lei lavori Credo che Marco lavori da operaio da sette anni. I think Marco has been working as a laborer for seven years. Che noi lavoriamo Voglio che lavoriamo a tempo pieno. I want us to work full time. Che voi lavoriate I vostri genitori vogliono che lavoriate in banca, vero? Your parents want you to work at the bank, right? Che loro/Loro lavorino Temo che gli operai lavorino nel cantiere fino all'alba. I fear that the workers at the shipyard will work till dawn. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo passato is made of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io abbia lavorato Credo che abbia lavorato a questo articolo per tre giorni. I think I worked on this article for three days. Che tu abbia lavorato Nonostante tu abbia lavorato l'oro per molti anni, ancora non mi hai fatto nessun gioiello! Though you have worked with gold for many years, you have never made me a piece of jewelry! Che lui/lei/Lui abbia lavorato Sebbene Marco abbia lavorato da operaio per molti anni, non si à ¨ mai fatto male sul lavoro. Though Marco has worked as a laborer for many years, he has never injured himself at work. Che noi abbiamo lavorato Credo di ricordare che abbiamo lavorato a tempo pieno per diciotto anni. I believe I remember that we worked full time for 18 years. Che voi abbiate lavorato Penso che abbiate lavorato in banca troppo a lungo. I think you worked at the bank too long. Che loro/Loro abbiano lavorato Temo che gli operai al cantiere abbiano lavorato fino all'alba. I fear that the workers at the shipyard worked till dawn. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo imperfetto. Che io lavorassi L'editore voleva che lavorassi all'articolo tutta la notte. The editor wanted me to work on the article all night. Che tu lavorassi Speravo che tu lavorassi l'oro ancora perchà © volevo comprare un bracciale per mia mamma. I hoped that you still worked/worked with gold because I wanted to buy a bracelet for my mom. Che lui/lei/Lei lavorasse Nonostante lavorasse ancora da operaio, Marco era molto felice. Stanco ma felice. Though he still worked as a laborer, Marco was very happy; tired but happy. Che noi lavorassimo Speravo che non lavorassimo pià ¹ a tempo pieno. I hoped that we would not work full time anymore. Che voi lavoraste Credevo che non lavoraste pià ¹ in banca. I thought you didn't work at the bank anymore. Che loro lavorassero Il padrone voleva che gli operai lavorassero al cantiere fino all'alba. The owner wanted the laborers to work at the shipyard till dawn. Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo trapassato is made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io avessi lavorato L'editore pensava che avessi lavorato all'articolo tutta la notte. The editor thought I had worked on the article all night. Che tu avessi lavorato Nonostante tu avessi lavorato l'oro tutta la vita non eri mai riuscito a fare un gioiello che consideravi perfetto. Though you had worked/worked with gold all your life, you were never able to make a jewel you thought was perfect. Che lui/lei/Lei avesse lavorato Pensavo che Marco avesse lavorato da operaio tutta la vita. I thought that Marco had worked as a laborer all his life. Che noi avessimo lavorato La mamma pensava che tutti questi anni avessimo lavorato a tempo pieno. Mom thought that all these years we had worked full time. Che voi aveste lavorato Credevo che aveste lavorato in banca da molti anni. I thought that you had worked at the bank for many years. Che loro avessero lavorato Era improbabile che gli operai avessero lavorato al cantiere fino all'alba. It was unlikely that the workers at the shipyard had worked till dawn. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional A regular presente condizionale. Io lavorerei Lavorerei all'articolo anche di notte se avessi l'energia. I would work on the article even at night if I had the energy. Tu lavoreresti Tu lavoreresti l'oro anche nel sonno. You would work/work with gold in your sleep. Lui/lei/Lei lavorerebbe Marco non lavorerebbe da operaio se trovasse altro lavoro. Marco would not work as a laborer if he could find other work. Noi lavoreremmo Noi lavoreremmo a tempo pieno se ci fosse il lavoro. We would work full time if there were work available. Voi lavorereste Voi lavorereste in banca se trovaste altro lavoro? Would you work at the bank if you could find other work? Loro/Loro lavorerebbero Se fosse per loro, gli operai non lavorerebbero fino all'alba. If it were up to them, the workers would not work till dawn. Condizionale Passato: Past Conditional The condizionale passato, made of the present conditional of the auxiliary and the past participle. Io avrei lavorato Avrei lavorato all'articolo tutta la notte se avessi avuto l'energia. I would have worked on the article all night if I had had the energy. Tu avresti lavorato Tu avresti lavorato l'oro anche nel sonno se ti fosse stato possibile. You would have worked/worked with gold during your sleep if you had been able to. Lui/lei/Lei avrebbe lavorato Marco non avrebbe lavorato da operaio se avesse avuto scelta. Marco would not have worked as a laborer had he had a choice. Noi avremmo lavorato Noi avremmo lavorato a tempo pieno se ce lo avessero permesso. We would have worked full time if they had allowed us to. Voi avreste lavorato Voi non avreste lavorato in banca se aveste avuto un'altra opportunità  . You would not have worked at the bank if you had had another opportunity. Loro avrebbero lavorato Gli operai al cantiere non avrebbero lavorato fino all'alba se avessero potuto evitarlo. The workers at the shipyard would not have worked till dawn had they been able to avoid it. Imperativo: Imperative A regular imperativo. Tu lavora Lavora, pigro! Work, you slacker! Noi lavoriamo Dai, lavoriamo un po'. C'mon, let's work a little. Voi lavorate Lavorate, pigroni! Work, you slackers! Infinito Presente Passato: Present Past Infinitive Remember, the infinito often functions as a noun. Lavorare 1. Lavorare nobilita l'uomo. 2. Gli impiegati riprendono a lavorare domani. 1. Work ennobles man. 2. The employees return to work tomorrow. Aver lavorato Aver lavorato con te tutta la vita à ¨ stato un onore. Working with you my whole life has been an honor. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle Remember that, in addition to its strictly auxiliary function, the participio passato serves as an adjective and as a noun. The present participle, lavorante, is rather archaic, replaced by lavoratore. Lavorante I lavoranti erano chiusi nella fabbrica. The workers were closed in the plant. Lavorato 1. Questo maglione à ¨ lavorato a mano. 2. Quella terra à ¨ lavorata di recente. 3. I lavorati vengono portati nei negozi. 1. This sweater is made by hand. 2. That soil was plowed recently. 3. The products are taken to the stores. Gerundio Presente Passato: Present Past Gerund The gerund  is regular. Lavorando Lavorando, l'uomo canticchiava tra sà © e sà ©. Working, the man sang softly to himself. Avendo lavorato Avendo lavorato tutta la vita, Carlo fu felice di andare in pensione. Having worked all his life, Carlo was happy to retire.